Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42357604›Full record

ArticleViruses2026

Analysing Antibodies Against Respiratory Viruses in Breast Milk: A Pilot Study.

Sindre H Hauan, Camilla H Nundal, Sarah Lartey Jalloh, June Skudal, Elin Ekornes Håskjold, Sigrid Christiansen Bøe, Camilla Tøndel, Linn Marie Sørbye, Rebecca J Cox, Karl A Brokstad

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Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Sindre H HauanDepartment of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Postboks 7030, 5020 Bergen, Norway.ORCID 0009-0000-0147-7052
Camilla H NundalDepartment of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Postboks 7030, 5020 Bergen, Norway.ORCID 0009-0000-3752-1350
Sarah Lartey JallohInfluenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
June SkudalDepartment of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Postboks 7030, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Elin Ekornes HåskjoldDepartment of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Postboks 7030, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Sigrid Christiansen BøeDepartment of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Postboks 7030, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Camilla TøndelDepartment of Paediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Linn Marie SørbyeDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-3726-5198
Rebecca J CoxInfluenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-8341-4078
Karl A BrokstadDepartment of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Postboks 7030, 5020 Bergen, Norway.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLower respiratory tract infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants worldwide. Newborns possess an immature immune system but acquire passive immunity through maternal antibodies transferred via the placenta (IgG) and breast milk (IgA). Maternal vaccination may enhance this protection. This study aimed to quantify antibody levels against respiratory viruses in serum and breast milk from lactating women.

methodsSerum and breast milk samples were collected from 26 lactating mothers. Antibody levels were measured using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting seven viral antigens: influenza A (A/Thailand, A/California), influenza B (B/Phuket, B/Austria), SARS-CoV-2 (Spike and receptor-binding domain, RBD) and RSV F pre-fusion protein. Antibody isotypes IgG, IgA and IgM were analysed.

resultsVirus-specific IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in all samples. Breast milk showed the highest levels of IgA, whereas serum contained higher IgG levels. A moderate positive correlation was observed between serum and milk IgG. No correlation was found between serum IgG and milk IgA, but both levels were elevated.

conclusionsBreast milk and serum contain relatively high levels of antibodies against the tested respiratory viruses. The elevated levels of serum IgG and milk IgA indicate a coordinated defence between systemic and mucosal immunity in response to infections. The levels and correlation of specific isotypes point to the source of the antibodies: milk IgG probably originates from the blood, whereas milk IgA is produced locally.

Indexed as

Antibodies, ViralMilk, HumanRespiratory Tract InfectionsAdultFemaleHumansImmunity, Maternally-AcquiredImmunoglobulin AImmunoglobulin GImmunoglobulin MInfluenza A virusInfluenza B virusPilot ProjectsSARS-CoV-2Antibodies, ViralImmunoglobulin AImmunoglobulin GImmunoglobulin Mantibodiesbreast milkcoronavirusimmunityimmunoglobulinsinfluenza virusrespiratory virusesRSV

Identifiers

PMID42357604
PMCPMC13307729

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.