ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Intra-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The squat is a critical component of numerous rehabilitation and functional assessment protocols, playing a significant role in enhancing athletic performance and activities of daily living. Although some of the characteristics gathered during the squat need additional confirmation, Kinovea provides a free two-dimensional squat motion analysis tool that is simple to use in clinical practice. This analytical, cross-sectional reliability study aimed to evaluate the intra-rater and test-retest reliability (with a 20 min interval between performances) of loaded squat kinematics in a sample of women using Kinovea. Twenty women performed a loaded back squat; intra-rater reliability was assessed by re-analyzing the same video one week apart, and test-retest reliability was assessed across two performances separated by 20 min. The results showed good to excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC: 0.75-0.99; SEM: 0.16 cm to 5.14°; MDC: 0.44 cm to 14.24°), and moderate to excellent test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.64-0.98; SEM: 0.36 cm to 14.29°; MDC: 0.99 cm to 39.61°). Variables tracked in the sagittal plane showed high precision. Conversely, the head angle and knee angle in the frontal plane exhibited greater variability, reflected by higher SEM and MDC values. In conclusion, Kinovea is a reliable and accessible tool for clinical kinematic assessment of the squat, particularly in the sagittal plane parameters. However, due to the elevated measurement error observed in head angles and frontal-plane knee dynamics, the integration of 3D motion capture is recommended over 2D digital protocols for these variables.
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