Synergy or Dominance? The Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine and Carbohydrate on High-Intensity Interval Exercise Performance: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis.

Hao Li, Yixiang Peng, Baiyu Liu, Li Ding, Kai Xu, Tze-Huan Lei, Bomin Gong, Yinhang Cao

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisReview

In one paragraph

Synthesis in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Hao LiSchool of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.

Yixiang PengFaculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao 999078, China.ORCID 0009-0000-4333-8499

Baiyu LiuSchool of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201418, China.

Li DingSchool of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.

Kai XuSchool of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.ORCID 0000-0002-1403-4127

Tze-Huan LeiCollege of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China.ORCID 0000-0003-3157-099X

Bomin GongDepartment of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.

Yinhang CaoSchool of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.ORCID 0000-0003-2323-3707

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.

Indexed as

Athletic PerformanceCaffeineDietary CarbohydratesHigh-Intensity Interval TrainingPerformance-Enhancing SubstancesFemaleHumansMaleRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicCaffeineDietary CarbohydratesPerformance-Enhancing Substancescaffeinecarbohydrateergogenic aidshigh-intensity interval exercise

Identifiers

PMID42356256

DOI10.3390/nu18121868

PMCPMC13304765

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.