Potential Effects of Bee Products Against Hantavirus Infection: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions.

Hantaviruses (HTVs) are lethal zoonotic pathogens responsible for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and HTV cardiopulmonary syndrome; however, no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines have been approved. Bee products, such as propolis, honey, royal jelly, bee venom, and bee pollen, demonstrate extensive antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties against various RNA and DNA viruses. No published research has directly evaluated bee products in relation to HTV infection. This review proposes a hypothesis-driven mechanistic framework suggesting that bioactive compounds from bee products may concurrently inhibit HTV replication, alleviate the cytokine storm, diminish oxidative stress, and maintain endothelial barrier integrity. We explicitly recognize the lack of direct experimental evidence regarding bee products' efficacy against HTVs. Considering the mechanistic similarities with other enveloped viral infections and the recognized functions of NF-κB, Nrf2, and endothelial signaling pathways in HTV pathogenesis, we present a scientifically substantiated rationale for forthcoming research endeavors. The diverse bioactive compounds present in bee products including bee pollen, bee venom, honey, propolis, and royal jelly could provide a multifaceted strategy for inhibiting HTV pathology. We propose systematic in vitro, in silico, and in vivo investigations to assess the potential of bee-derived flavonoids, peptides, and fatty acids as adjunctive therapeutic strategies for HTV disease.