ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Multi-Objective Optimization Design and Impact Protection Efficacy of Locally Reinforced P-TPMS Forehead Helmet Liner.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to mitigate the bottom-out failure and improve the energy absorption of conventional helmet liners during high-energy impacts, thereby reducing the risk of head injuries. To this end, a locally reinforced Primitive-type triply periodic minimal surface (P-TPMS) energy-absorbing liner is proposed for the helmet forehead region, which facilitates progressive energy dissipation through layer-by-layer buckling deformation. A finite element model of a helmet-head coupling was created based on a previously verified high-fidelity head model and subsequently validated against the ECE 22.06 standard drop-test methodology. Three critical design parameters-outer protective layer thickness, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) unit cell size, and wall thickness-were optimized employing the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology, resulting in quadratic regression models for the head injury criteria (
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