ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Freeze-Thaw Durability and Anisotropic Damage Evolution of 3D-Printed River-Sediment Engineered Cementitious Composites: Effects of Interlayer Interface Defects.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Freeze-thaw durability of 3D-printed engineered cementitious composites (3DP-ECC) is strongly affected by print-induced interlayer defects and anisotropy, particularly in cold regions. This study investigated Cast-ECC and Z-direction 3DP-ECC incorporating Yellow River sediment (YRS) as an equal-mass replacement for quartz sand at 0-100%. Compressive, three-point bending, and four-point bending tests, relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDME), XCT, MIP, SEM-EDS, and Weibull damage modeling were used to evaluate degradation up to 150 freshwater freeze-thaw cycles. Moderate YRS replacement (25-50%) improved particle packing, reduced visible defects, and refined the pore structure, thereby enhancing frost resistance. The R50 mixture showed the best residual performance: after 150 cycles, compressive strength decreased from 55 to 46 MPa in Cast-ECC and from 54 to 44 MPa in 3DP-ECC, corresponding to retention rates of 83.6% and 81.5%, respectively. The residual peak load in four-point bending of 3DP-ECC-R50 was 15.4% lower than that of Cast-ECC-R50, confirming the detrimental role of interlayer defects under loading perpendicular to the layers. RDME-based Weibull fitting described the overall damage evolution (R
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