ArticleMicromachines2026
Redox-Responsive GHK-Conjugated Sponge Spicules for Sustained Dermal Delivery and Enhanced Collagen Synthesis.
Article in Micromachines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Sponge spicules have emerged as promising biomaterial scaffolds due to their biocompatibility and unique structural properties; however, achieving stable and bioactive functionalization remains a key challenge. The tripeptide GHK is known to promote collagen synthesis and wound repair, yet its therapeutic efficacy is often limited by rapid diffusion and instability. Here, we report ALTUM, a thiol-functionalized sponge spicule composite in which GHK is covalently conjugated via disulfide linkage to enable controlled and redox-responsive peptide delivery. ALTUM exhibited sustained GHK retention under physiological and storage conditions, while exposure to reduced glutathione (GSH) selectively accelerated peptide release through disulfide bond cleavage. This dual release behavior-long-term stability combined with reduction-triggered activation-distinguishes ALTUM from conventional delivery systems. The composite also demonstrated structural stability under thermal, cyclic, and photostability conditions. In an artificial human skin model, ALTUM enhanced dermal penetration of GHK and significantly increased collagen deposition in the dermal layer, demonstrating its capacity to promote collagen production within deeper skin tissue, compared to simple spicule-peptide mixtures. ALTUM was fabricated at an optimized spicule-to-peptide ratio of 3% (
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