ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Visually Induced Motion Sickness During Smartphone Use in Moving Metro Carriages: Effects of Posture and Viewing Duration-A Randomized Crossover Study.
Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesSmartphone use during public transit is widespread, yet the combined effects of posture, viewing duration, and sex on visual fatigue and visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) under real commuting conditions remain insufficiently understood. This study examined these factors during smartphone video viewing aboard Taipei MRT carriages.
methodsForty healthy young adults (20 males, 20 females) completed four randomized conditions crossing two postures (sitting, standing) and two viewing durations (15 min, 30 min). Conditions were administered in a randomized order. Critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF), visual fatigue scale (VFS) scores, viewing distance, and VIMSSQ-short change scores were assessed as primary outcomes and analyzed using three-way mixed ANOVA.
resultsViewing duration produced the largest and most consistent effects across all outcomes (η
conclusionsProlonged viewing duration and standing posture are key contributors to smartphone-related visual and motion discomfort in metro environments. Limiting continuous viewing time and preferring a seated posture when using smartphones during commuting are recommended strategies to reduce both visual fatigue and VIMS among healthy young adults; generalizability to broader commuter populations warrants further investigation.
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