ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Development and Validation of an Online Oral Health Education Module for Pakistani Parents Using the ADDIE Model.
Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundParents play a pivotal role in influencing children's oral health; thus, effective oral health education (OHE) is essential to equip them with the knowledge needed to support their children's oral health care. In countries such as Pakistan, apart from limited access to dental care and socioeconomic barriers, the widespread lack of OHE is also an important factor contributing to the high prevalence of oral diseases. Conventional OHE approaches are often limited by passive delivery, lack of tailored content and poor accessibility. Social media platforms such as Facebook offer an accessible platform for health education; however, structured, validated, and tailored content is required.
aimThis study aims to develop and validate an online OHE module for Pakistani parents using the ADDIE instructional design model. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe study was conducted in two phases using the ADDIE model. Parental OHE needs were identified through a questionnaire. An Urdu-language module was developed based on these needs and expert recommendations. Content validation was performed by six experts, followed by face validation with 15 parents.
resultsNeeds assessment guided the development of a culturally appropriate module covering six main topics. Item-level Content Validity Index ranged from 0.83 to 1.00, with a Scale-level Content Validity Index of 0.94 and a Scale-level Face Validity Index of 0.97.
conclusionsThe developed Facebook-delivered OHE module demonstrated high content and face validity and may serve as an accessible and practical strategy for improving parental OHE. Further studies are required to evaluate its effectiveness in improving oral health-related behaviours and outcomes.
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