Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42354448›Full record

ArticleGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Gradient Anisotropic Natural Rubber-PNIPAM Composite Hydrogels for Programmable NIR-Responsive Actuation.

Qing Zhang, Xueliang Feng, Yuxin Yan, Lin Chen, Honghua Fan, Wenjing Zhou, Kaipeng Li, Xiaohong Yang, Xueyu Du, Chunxin Ma

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Qing ZhangState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Xueliang FengState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Yuxin YanState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Lin ChenState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Honghua FanState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Wenjing ZhouState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Kaipeng LiKey Laboratory of Quality Safe Evaluation and Research of Degradable Material, State Administration for Market Regulation, Hainan Academy of Inspection and Testing, Haikou 570203, China.
Xiaohong YangState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Xueyu DuState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Chunxin MaState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.ORCID 0000-0002-6827-2315

Funding

Key Research and Development Project of Hainan Province ZDYF2024GXJS019National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 52463014Taizhou Science and Technology Plan Project No. 23gya18Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation No. LY23E030006
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Heterogeneous hydrogels capable of complex, programmable deformation are highly desirable for soft actuators, yet general strategies that simultaneously impart structural anisotropy, rapid responsiveness, and mechanical robustness remain limited. Here, a gradient anisotropic natural rubber-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NR-PNIPAM) composite hydrogel is developed through a simple one-pot polymerization strategy by coupling pH-regulated colloidal stability with gravity-directed redistribution of natural rubber latex particles. Under an optimized pH window, NR nanoparticles gradually migrate during gelation and are fixed as a continuous gradient within the PNIPAM network, generating built-in structural asymmetry for nonuniform deformation. Meanwhile, NR nanoparticles act as soft reinforcing domains to improve mechanical strength, while water-soluble graphene nanosheets provide efficient photothermal conversion for remotely-controlled near-infrared (NIR)-responsive actuation. Benefiting from this synergistic design, the hydrogel exhibits programmable bending and localized folding with high actuation rates of 129° s

Indexed as

composite materialsgradient anisotropysmart hydrogelsoft roboticsstimuli-responsive actuation

Identifiers

PMID42354448
PMCPMC13298218

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.