Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42354345›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2026

Faecal Pathogen Survival and Risks of Use of Ecological Sanitation By-Products in Burera District, Rwanda: A Quantitative Microbial Risks Assessment.

Celestin Banamwana, David Musoke, Theoneste Ntakirutimana, Esther Buregyeya, John Ssempebwa, Gakenia Wamuyu Maina, Charles Drago Kato, Lordrick Alinaitwe, Patrick Albert Ipola, Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Celestin BanamwanaDepartment of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda.ORCID 0000-0002-2817-2926
David MusokeDepartment of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0003-3262-3918
Theoneste NtakirutimanaDepartment of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda.ORCID 0000-0002-4870-6251
Esther BuregyeyaDepartment of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0002-4410-8027
John SsempebwaDepartment of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0002-8289-2844
Gakenia Wamuyu MainaDepartment of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0001-8680-543X
Charles Drago KatoThe Emerging and Re-Emerging of Infectious Diseases (TERID) Research Hub, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-Security, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0003-3160-6657
Lordrick AlinaitweThe Emerging and Re-Emerging of Infectious Diseases (TERID) Research Hub, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-Security, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0002-5432-6407
Patrick Albert IpolaThe Emerging and Re-Emerging of Infectious Diseases (TERID) Research Hub, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-Security, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0001-6552-9392
Nazarius Mbona TumwesigyeDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0001-7085-8780

Funding

CARTA 19-57145
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Reuse of human excreta and derivatives is becoming a common practice in areas with agricultural predominance. While in situ treated faeces through ecological sanitation (Ecosan), known as "faecal by-products" are being used to sustain soil nutrients and improve on-site sanitation, the concern remains about the health risks related to the survival of pathogens in these by-products in the community of farmers. This study assessed the survival of faecal pathogens and estimated microbial risks associated with the use of Ecosan faecal by-products in agriculture. The quantitative microbial risks assessment (QMRA) framework was used to estimate the risks posed by each faecal pathogen in solid and semi-solid faecal by-products under the probabilistic model of Monte Carlo simulation.

Indexed as

FecesSanitationAgricultureAnimalsHumansRisk AssessmentRwandaEcosanexcretafaecal by-productmicroberisksanitation

Identifiers

PMID42354345
PMCPMC13300131

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.