Agri-Food By-Products as Multifunctional Ingredients for Sustainable Food Oleogels: Mechanisms, Applications and Future Insights.

Agri-food by-products (BP) and BP-derived fractions are increasingly recognized as sources of functional and nutritional compounds (e.g., dietary fibers, proteins, waxes, phytosterols, phenolics, carotenoids) that can be upcycled into high-value food ingredients, to improve the sustainability of agri-food chains. This review provides a wide-ranging vision of the potential use of BP and BP-derived fractions in OG formulations, emphasizing the roles they can play (e.g., structuring agents, stabilizers, surfactants, physical scaffolds, fillers, sources of antioxidants), while offering mechanistic insights and science-based perspectives to support the rational design of tailor-made OGs for specific food applications. Particular attention is given to emerging areas including plant-based and hybrid products, and the valorization of insect BP and co-products. Finally, key gaps limiting BP-based OG design and application (e.g., effects on crystallization, interfacial phenomena, dispersion, scaffold/filler behavior, etc.) are identified and translated into a research roadmap and design guidelines for the formulation of tailor-made, scalable BP-based OGs.