Potential Health Benefits of Bee Bread from Stingless Bees on Reproductive Health: A Review.

Bees are social insects belonging to the Apidae family, which includes stingless bees, honeybees, and related groups. Their ability to produce various products, such as bee bread, bee pollen, propolis, beeswax, and royal jelly, has attracted scientific interest due to their nutritional composition, biological activities, and potential therapeutic value. Bee bread is a fermented mixture of pollen, honey, and salivary bee enzymes, rich in bioactive compounds with potential benefits for reproductive health and other biological activities. However, bee bread remains one of the least explored bee products in relation to reproductive health. This narrative review summarises the potential health benefits of bee bread from stingless bees for male and female reproductive function. Evidence from animal studies shows that bee bread has promising effects on reproductive function, possibly through its antioxidant properties, support of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, improvement of pregnancy outcomes, enhancement of ovarian function, regulation of metabolism, and modulation of inflammatory activity. Findings from animal studies suggest potential benefits for both male and female reproductive health. However, well-designed randomised controlled trials are needed to evaluate its efficacy, optimal dosage, safety profile, and long-term effects on reproductive outcomes in both males and females.