ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Integrated Assessment of HIF-1α and SOD2 Expression and Their Prognostic Implications in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by aggressive clinical behavior and limited targeted therapeutic options. Hypoxia signaling mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and mitochondrial antioxidant defense driven by superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) represent biologically interconnected stress-adaptation pathways that may contribute to tumor progression. However, their combined prognostic impact in TNBC remains insufficiently defined. This retrospective study included 70 patients with surgically treated TNBC. Immunohistochemical expression of HIF-1α (nuclear) and SOD2 (cytoplasmic) was semi-quantitatively scored and analyzed individually and in combination. Patients were stratified as both-low, single-high, or both-high expression. Associations with clinicopathological parameters were evaluated, and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. Stage-adjusted and stage-free multivariable analyses were performed, and sensitivity analyses using penalized Cox regression were conducted. High SOD2 expression was observed in 68.6% and high HIF-1α expression in 24.3% of cases. Neither marker was independently associated with survival outcomes in Kaplan-Meier or multivariable analyses. HIF-1α-high tumors showed a nominally lower Ki-67 proliferation index compared with HIF-1α-low tumors (median 30.0% vs. 60.0%,
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