Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42352229›Full record

ArticleBiomolecules2026

IgG Glycosylation Analysis in Patients with Ring14 Syndrome Unveils Novel Pathomechanisms and New Therapy Perspectives.

Angela Messina, Angelo Palmigiano, Donata Agata Romeo, Luisa Sturiale, Enrico Parano, Marco Crimi, Annunziata Carrese Cirillo, Alessandro Vaisfeld, Rita Barone, Domenico Garozzo

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Biomolecules, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Angela MessinaCNR-Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), 95126 Catania, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9887-7326
Angelo PalmigianoCNR-Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), 95126 Catania, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-6130-1830
Donata Agata RomeoCNR-Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), 95126 Catania, Italy.
Luisa SturialeCNR-Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), 95126 Catania, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-3996-1138
Enrico ParanoCNR-Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), 95126 Catania, Italy.
Marco CrimiRing14 Italy, Via Flavio Gioia 5, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-6903-9163
Annunziata Carrese CirilloAzienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Alessandro VaisfeldDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-8413-621X
Rita BaroneChild Neurology and Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-6302-2686
Domenico GarozzoCNR-Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), 95126 Catania, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-9087-9818

Funding

Ministry of University and Research-PRIN E53D23009730006
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Ring chromosome 14 (RC14) syndrome is an ultra-rare disorder characterized by drug-resistant epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, autism, and recurrent infections, suggesting a possible underlying immune dysregulation. We analyzed immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation profiles in six RC14 patients and compared them with age-matched healthy controls using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection (FLR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Patients showed decreased galactosylation and sialylation, resembling pro-inflammatory patterns observed in autoimmune diseases. These alterations were not observed in total serum glycoproteins, indicating a selective effect on IgG. One patient treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) showed clinical improvement, which led us to investigate causality.

Indexed as

Immunoglobulin GAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolChromatography, High Pressure LiquidFemaleGlycosylationHumansImmunoglobulins, IntravenousMaleSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationImmunoglobulin GImmunoglobulins, IntravenousCDGEpilepsyIgGIVIGN-glycansRing14

Identifiers

PMID42352229
PMCPMC13297435

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.