ArticleEntropy (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Correlations and Kappa Distributions: Numerical Experiment with 3D Collisions and Debye-like Shielding.
Article in Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Contrary to the common assumption of Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distributions, space plasmas are characterized by kappa distributions and reside in thermodynamic stationary states out of classical thermal equilibrium, owing to the correlations between the charged plasma particles. In this study, we extend prior work to include realistic 3D collisions and Debye-like shielding of the correlations to show how these two processes compete in the development of realistic plasma particle velocity distributions. We modify our prior numerical experiment to incorporate both 3D collisions and correlations that include realistic Debye-like shielding of plasma particles and run it over many collisions until it becomes stationary. While 3D collisions alone produce Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distributions of the particles (
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