ArticleBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Effects of Flat-Side Design on Torsional and Bending Stress of Nickel-Titanium File by Finite Element Analysis.
Article in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study evaluated the effects of flattening the side of the bending resistance and torsional resistance of nickel-titanium files through finite element analysis of a novel flattened file and a standard nonflattened file.
methodsFor torsion analysis, the tip of the file was fixed at 3 mm, generating a torque of 2.5 N·mm at the handle. For bending analysis of curved root canals (45° and 60°), the handle was kept fixed, a force of 1 N was applied at the tip, and the file was fixed at 3 mm.
resultsThe standard nonflattened file exhibited better torsional resistance. In contrast, the novel flattened file showed improved flexibility under 45° bending. Under this condition, lower maximum von Mises stress was observed in the flattened design compared with the standard file. At 60° bending, stress distribution varied with loading orientation, and higher stress concentrations were observed in the flattened file under specific bending directions, indicating reduced bending resistance under large deformation conditions.
conclusionsSince lateral flattening may reduce the cyclic resistance of files, caution should be exercised in the clinical use of such files.
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