ReviewJournal of nanobiotechnology2026
Virus-like particles in cancer immunotherapy: bridging human and veterinary medicine through one health.
Review in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are engineered nanoplatforms that mimic viral structures, offering high immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and functional versatility for cancer immunotherapy. While widely explored in human oncology as nanovaccines and targeted delivery systems for chemo-/immuno-therapeutics and genetic payloads (e.g., mRNA, siRNA, and CRISPR/Cas systems), their potential in veterinary oncology remains underexploited. This review synthesizes recent advances in VLP design, including scaffold engineering, antigen display, cargo encapsulation, and surface functionalization, and discusses the mechanistic basis of VLP-induced antitumor immunity, encompassing dendritic cell activation, adaptive immune amplification, and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Importantly, we highlight the emerging role of companion animals with spontaneous tumors-such as lymphoma, melanoma, and mammary carcinoma-as immunocompetent translational models within the One Health framework. Comparative oncology reveals striking parallels in oncogenic pathways, immune landscapes, and therapeutic responses, supporting the use of canine and feline cancers as biologically relevant intermediates between murine studies and human clinical trials. We provide an evidence-based assessment of representative VLP platforms, evaluate their translational readiness, and examine cross-species opportunities for shared target development, biomarker discovery, and regulatory convergence, while also addressing species-specific biological and technical limitations. Finally, we propose a forward-looking roadmap that prioritizes manufacturing standardization, biomarker development, comparative validation, precision engineering, and emerging technologies such as AI-guided design and tumor-on-chip systems. Collectively, we position One Health as an operational strategy to accelerate the bidirectional translation of VLP-based immunotherapies for both human and veterinary cancer patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.