ArticleBMC public health2026
Primary biliary cholangitis mortality in Europe: a temporal and spatial view across the period 2002-2022.
Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrimary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a rare autoimmune disease of multifactorial origin with an uneven incidence across countries. This study sought to identify temporal trends in PBC mortality and describe possible spatial patterns across Europe.
methodsData on PBC mortality (ICD-10 K74.3) and European populations by age group in 20 countries were sourced from the World Health Organization for the period 2002-2022. We calculated age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) for the period 2012-2022, both for individual countries and overall. Trends were assessed using Joinpoint regression analysis. To ascertain the geographical distribution, standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated for the periods 2002-2011 and 2012-2022.
resultsA total of 12,934 PBC deaths (81.65% women) were recorded during the period 2002-2022. Mortality showed a downward trend in most countries except for Hungary, Türkiye, Romania and Poland. Lithuania registered the highest AAMR, at 3.47 per 1,000,000 population (95% CI 2.86-4.19), followed by Hungary and the United Kingdom (UK). During the period 2002-2011, the risk of death in northern countries was twice as high as expected (Finland, Lithuania and the UK with SMRs of 2.09 to 2.14). The differences between northern and southern Europe persisted during 2012-2022, albeit with some variations.
conclusionsPBC mortality is decreasing or remains stable in most European countries. Risk of death is higher in countries in the north and north-west. There is a need for further in-depth study of the causes of the geographical variability detected.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.