ArticleBMC pulmonary medicine2026
The association of household conditions with the development of active pulmonary TB among in households with a previous TB patient: a community-based case-control study.
Article in BMC pulmonary medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundPoor housing has been linked to tuberculosis (TB), yet details of living conditions are less well studied.
methodsThis community-based case-control study examined household and individual factors associated with active pulmonary TB among households with a prior TB patient in Padang City, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Confirmed TB cases (CS, 105), symptomatic confirmed non-TB controls (CN1, 104), and asymptomatic controls (CN2, 102) were recruited at primary health centres from August to December 2024. Inclusion criteria were informed consent and ability to communicate; controls with a history of active TB were excluded from analysis. Participants were interviewed regarding individual characteristics, and a home visit made to record household conditions (temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide content and wind speed of living room air, house dimensions and construction materials). Multivariable multinomial logistic regression identified associations (relative probability ratios) of individual and household variables between cases and each control group.
resultsCase status was associated with small bedroom volume (< 12m
conclusionAmong this population, small bedroom volume, gypsum/plaster ceiling, frequent coffee shop visits, outdoor occupation, non-spousal relationship with the prior TB patient and elapsed time of > 1 year increased the relative probability of being a TB patient. These findings suggest interventions such as improving bedroom space and targeted screening in households with prior TB, especially after one year. Housing improvements, though long-term, may usefully complement behavioural interventions for sustainable TB control.
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