Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42351054›Full record

Trial reportBMC public health2026

Efficacy of codesigned COVID-19 booster vaccine promotion materials for long-term care staff: a cluster-randomized trial.

Clarissa Hsu, Annalisa V Piccorelli, Beverly B Green, Kimberly C Arthur, Marla Becker, Breana Berry, Brianna Binion, Alphonse Derus, Margaret Gachuiri, Kelly Hansen and 8 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05449418 (ENSPIRE), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05449418 naactive not recruitingnot on this map

ENSPIRE: Engaging Staff to Improve COVID-19 Vaccination Response at Long-Term Care Facilities

TypeinterventionalSponsorKaiser PermanenteRan2021 to 2026Enrolled988ConditionsCOVID-19ArmsFull Intervention, Enhanced Usual Care
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Clarissa HsuKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. Clarissa.W.Hsu@kp.org.
Annalisa V PiccorelliKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
Beverly B GreenKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
Kimberly C ArthurKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
Marla BeckerKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
Breana BerryCenter for Research and Evaluation, Nine Piedmont Center, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, 3495 Piedmont Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Brianna BinionCenter for Research and Evaluation, Nine Piedmont Center, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, 3495 Piedmont Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Alphonse DerusKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
Margaret GachuiriWashington Care Center, 2821 S Walden St, Seattle, 98144, WA, USA.
Kelly HansenKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
Ahoua KonéGlobal Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth, 19009 33rd Ave W, Suite 100, Lynnwood, WA, 98036, USA.
Courtney McCrackenCenter for Research and Evaluation, Nine Piedmont Center, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, 3495 Piedmont Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Bennett McDonaldCenter for Research and Evaluation, Nine Piedmont Center, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, 3495 Piedmont Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Lauren NisotelCenter for Research and Evaluation, Nine Piedmont Center, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, 3495 Piedmont Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Kirsten SenturiaGlobal Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth, 19009 33rd Ave W, Suite 100, Lynnwood, WA, 98036, USA.
Jaclyn VolneyCenter for Research and Evaluation, Nine Piedmont Center, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, 3495 Piedmont Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Kanetha B WilsonCenter for Research and Evaluation, Nine Piedmont Center, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, 3495 Piedmont Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Brian D WilliamsonKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.

Funding

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute COVID-2021C2-13168
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAmong health care workers, long-term care center (LTCC) staff are among the most hesitant to obtain COVID-19 vaccines and boosters. Our objective was to compare the effectiveness of enhanced usual care (EUC) to codesigned materials (Codesign) in increasing COVID-19 booster vaccination rates and willingness to promote the booster among long term care center (LTCC) staff.

methodsWe conducted a two-arm cluster-randomized trial in 40 LTCCs in Georgia (n = 21) and Washington (n = 19) from August 2021 to December 2023. EUC LTCCs distributed standard government COVID-19 booster promotion materials. LTCCs in the Codesign arm allowed staff to participate in virtual codesign teams. Over 10 weekly meetings, the teams developed tailored COVID-19 booster promotion materials. Materials were distributed to both arms in January 2023. Primary outcomes were LTCC-level COVID-19 booster vaccination and a Net Promoter Score (NPS) measuring booster promotion to coworkers. Secondary outcomes included staff-level vaccine hesitancy and confidence scores and booster promotion to friends and family.

resultsWe did not detect a significant difference between the EUC and Codesign arms in COVID-19 booster rates or primary NPS measure. Similarly, secondary and exploratory outcomes were not significantly different between either arm.

conclusionsThe null findings of this trial are consistent with the challenges of other clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine-promotion interventions in improving COVID-19 vaccine uptake among LTCC staff. Lessons for future research include identifying better ways to: (1) engage leaders and staff, (2) design more effective targeting messages, and (3) develop ways to target and customize dissemination.

trial registrationThis study is registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov. CLINICALTRIALS: gov #NCT05449418. Date of registration: 6/22/2022.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesHealth PersonnelHealth PromotionImmunization, SecondaryLong-Term CareAdultFemaleGeorgiaHumansMaleMiddle AgedVaccination HesitancyWashingtonCOVID-19 VaccinesCodesignCOVID-19Long-term careVaccine hesitancyVaccinesVaccine uptake

Identifiers

PMID42351054
PMCPMC13531746

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.