ArticleClinical oral investigations2026
Gallic acid as a biointeractive dentin conditioning agent for universal adhesives: bond strength, iron retention, and surface characterization following ferric sulfate hemostatic contamination.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Abstract
objectivesThis study evaluated the effects of two universal adhesives, applied under three protocols, self-etch (SE), conventional total-etch (CTE), and modified total-etch (MTE) with 1% (w/v) gallic acid, on shear bond strength (SBS), iron retention, and surface characteristics of noncontaminated and ferric sulfate-contaminated dentin. MATERIALS AND
methodsOne hundred eighty dentin specimens prepared from ninety extracted human molars were allocated to 12 groups (n = 15) by adhesive type (All Bond Universal [ABU] or Tokuyama Universal Bond [TUB]), application protocol (SE, CTE, or MTE), and contamination condition (noncontaminated or 20% ferric sulfate-contaminated [ViscoStat]. After composite build-up and 5,000x thermocycling, SBS was measured. Surface morphology (n = 3, 6 groups) and elemental composition (n = 5, 5 groups) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). SBS data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (α = 0.05).
resultsAll three variables significantly affected SBS (p < 0.001). SE yielded the lowest SBS values (17.46 ± 3.19 MPa) among all protocols (p < 0.001). CTE and MTE protocols showed comparable SBS values (20.30 ± 3.20 vs. 20.80 ± 3.05 MPa; p = 0.591). After ferric sulfate contamination, CTE produced no detectable iron residue, whereas MTE retained iron-associated surface deposits. EDS revealed descriptively higher mineral content in gallic acid-conditioned dentin, and SEM showed protocol-dependent surface patterns.
conclusionsGallic acid yielded short-term bond strength comparable to phosphoric acid, while inducing a more conservative surface modification. However, gallic acid conditioning following ferric sulfate contamination should be regarded cautiously, as iron-associated deposits are preserved. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Gallic acid may be considered a conservative preconditioning option for noncontaminated dentin. After ferric sulfate contamination, phosphoric acid remains the more predictable choice given its iron-removal capacity.
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