ArticleScientific reports2026
Prospective association between bullying victimization and malevolent creativity among Chinese middle school students: the mediation of trait anger and moderation of moral identity.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Grounded in trait activation theory and the social cognitive theory of moral identity, this two-wave prospective study examined whether bullying victimization is prospectively associated with malevolent creativity over time, whether trait anger serves as a prospective indirect association in this link, and whether moral identity moderates the indirect pathway. A sample of 1,092 Chinese middle school students (Mage = 15.15 years, SD = 1.47) completed self-report questionnaires at two time points separated by three months. Bullying victimization, moral identity, and malevolent creativity were assessed at T1; trait anger and malevolent creativity were assessed at T2. Prospective indirect effects were tested using Hayes' PROCESS Models 4 and 58. The findings revealed that: (1) Bullying victimization (T1) was positively and prospectively associated with malevolent creativity (T2) (β = 0.10, p < 0.001). (2) Trait anger (T2) served as a prospective indirect link, accounting for 57.58% of the total effect (indirect effect = 0.19, 95% CI [0.15, 0.24]). (3) Moral identity (T1) moderated both paths: higher moral identity weakened the association between bullying victimization and trait anger (β = -0.14, p < 0.001) and between trait anger and malevolent creativity (β = -0.12, p < 0.001). Findings highlight moral identity as a protective factor that buffers the risk from bullying to malevolent creativity. Limitations include the concurrent assessment of trait anger and malevolent creativity at T2, which precludes causal mediation claims.
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