Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42350436›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Highly efficient anogenital transmission of clade Ia monkeypox virus associated with increased shedding.

Franziska K Kaiser, Reshma K Mukesh, Shane Gallogly, Jonathan Schulz, Sarah van Tol, Natalie McCarthy, Missiani Ochwoto, Claude Kwe Yinda, Atsushi Okumura, Lara Myers and 8 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Franziska K KaiserLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA. franziska.kaiser@nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7758-9605
Reshma K MukeshLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Shane GalloglyLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Jonathan SchulzLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Sarah van TolLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9905-920X
Natalie McCarthyLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Missiani OchwotoLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Claude Kwe YindaLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-5478
Atsushi OkumuraLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Lara MyersResearch and Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-9770
Aaron CarmodyResearch and Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Brian J SmithRocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Jessica Prado-SmithRocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-3367-8348
Greg SaturdayRocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0803-6177
Carl ShaiaRocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Kyle RosenkeLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8101-4348
Julia R PortLaboratory of Transmission Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.
Vincent J MunsterLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA. vincent.munster@nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2288-3196

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The transmission pattern of mpox has shifted from sporadic zoonotic outbreaks to sustained human-to-human spread. Epidemiological data indicate sexual contact as a crucial driver for efficient transmission and the associated devastating mpox outbreaks in recent years. However, our understanding of exact driving factors and transmission determinants is still limited. Here, we investigate MPXV clade Ia virus pathogenesis, shedding kinetics, and transmission potential in a prairie dog model (Cynomys ludovicianus). Mucosal inoculation via all routes (penile/preputial, vaginal, rectal, intranasal) results in a productive, systemic infection. Inoculation via urogenital routes generate the highest virus shedding and most severe clinical disease. Simulated sexual contact transmission results in 100% transmission efficiency with high virus shedding in sentinels on day 1, even before the onset of visible clinical signs. Our findings provide experimental support for the importance of anogenital mucosal infection and transmission and establish a model for studying these in vivo. These results advocate for a stronger focus on mucosal infection when evaluating countermeasures.

Indexed as

Monkeypox virusMpox, MonkeypoxVirus SheddingAnal CanalAnimalsDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHumansMaleSciuridaeVagina

Identifiers

PMID42350436
PMCPMC13463053

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.