ArticleAmerican journal of public health2026
100 Years of Drinking Water Outbreak Surveillance: Trends and Influence, United States, 1920-2020.
Shanna Miko, Hannah M Lawinger, Jasen M Kunz, Amy L Freeland, Jonathan S Yoder, Vincent R Hill
Abstract readHistorical Article
In one paragraphArticle in American journal of public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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What it found
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4 · The recordCorrections and comments
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5 · Who and what moneyAuthors and funding
6 authors.
Shanna MikoShanna Miko, Jasen M. Kunz, Amy L. Freeland, and Vincent R. Hill are with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. Hannah Lawinger was with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, at the time of this study. Jonathan S. Yoder is with the Division of Infectious Disease Readiness and Innovation, CDC, Atlanta.ORCID 0000-0001-7382-6119 Hannah M LawingerShanna Miko, Jasen M. Kunz, Amy L. Freeland, and Vincent R. Hill are with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. Hannah Lawinger was with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, at the time of this study. Jonathan S. Yoder is with the Division of Infectious Disease Readiness and Innovation, CDC, Atlanta.
Jasen M KunzShanna Miko, Jasen M. Kunz, Amy L. Freeland, and Vincent R. Hill are with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. Hannah Lawinger was with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, at the time of this study. Jonathan S. Yoder is with the Division of Infectious Disease Readiness and Innovation, CDC, Atlanta.
Amy L FreelandShanna Miko, Jasen M. Kunz, Amy L. Freeland, and Vincent R. Hill are with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. Hannah Lawinger was with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, at the time of this study. Jonathan S. Yoder is with the Division of Infectious Disease Readiness and Innovation, CDC, Atlanta.
Jonathan S YoderShanna Miko, Jasen M. Kunz, Amy L. Freeland, and Vincent R. Hill are with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. Hannah Lawinger was with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, at the time of this study. Jonathan S. Yoder is with the Division of Infectious Disease Readiness and Innovation, CDC, Atlanta.ORCID 0000-0002-8401-8296 Vincent R HillShanna Miko, Jasen M. Kunz, Amy L. Freeland, and Vincent R. Hill are with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. Hannah Lawinger was with the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, at the time of this study. Jonathan S. Yoder is with the Division of Infectious Disease Readiness and Innovation, CDC, Atlanta.ORCID 0000-0001-7069-7737 Funding
Intramural CDC HHS CC999999
6 · The paper itselfAbstract
To examine trends in US drinking water outbreaks from 1920 to 2020, we evaluated US drinking water outbreaks documented in the National Outbreak Reporting System and from 4 historic publications dating back to 1920. Before the drinking water regulations of the 1970s, enteric pathogens were the most reported (n = 393; 52%) etiologies. Most outbreaks occurred in individual or private water systems (n = 245; 32%). After major regulations, biofilm-associated outbreaks emerged (n = 343; 32%), and most outbreaks (n = 600; 55%) occurred in community water systems. Biofilm-associated pathogens are an emerging concern in water systems. These findings highlight the importance of drinking water regulations, routine inspections of private wells, and building water management programs. Waterborne disease outbreak investigations and reporting to surveillance systems are essential to identifying factors contributing to outbreaks that can be addressed to improve drinking water policy, practices, and public understanding. As pathogens, drinking water distribution systems, and environmental factors change, identifying etiologic agents and contributing factors in waterborne outbreaks can guide future drinking water policies. (
Indexed as
Disease OutbreaksDrinking WaterWaterborne DiseasesHistory, 20th CenturyHistory, 21st CenturyHumansUnited StatesWater MicrobiologyWater SupplyDrinking Water
Identifiers
PMID42348819
PMCPMC13367002
What OpenQuestion holds
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LicenceTDM
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