Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42348013›Full record

ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2026

Persistent disparities in head and neck cancer survival in the United States.

Ella P Jackert, Swar Vimawala, Liyang Tang, Daniel Kwon, Niels Kokot, Tamara Chambers, Uttam Sinha, Yang Chai, Lihua Liu, Albert Y Han

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Ella P JackertKeck School of Medicine of USC, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
Swar VimawalaUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 1450 San Pablo Street Suite 5800, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
Liyang TangUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 1450 San Pablo Street Suite 5800, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
Daniel KwonUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 1450 San Pablo Street Suite 5800, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
Niels KokotUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 1450 San Pablo Street Suite 5800, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
Tamara ChambersUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 1450 San Pablo Street Suite 5800, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
Uttam SinhaUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 1450 San Pablo Street Suite 5800, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
Yang ChaiHerbert Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
Lihua LiuDepartment of Preventative Medicine of USC, 1845 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Albert Y HanUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 1450 San Pablo Street Suite 5800, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. albert.han@med.usc.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeHead and neck cancer (HNC) is a heterogenous disease with substantial mortality. This study assesses the long-term epidemiologic landscape, demographic disparities, and survival outcomes of HNC.

methodsAdult patients with primary HNC were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database by International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) codes. The primary outcomes of this study were overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Secondary outcomes included primary tumor site distributions and rates of surgery by race and ethnicity. Multivariable Cox regression modeling was utilized to determine predictors of all-cause and HNC-specific mortality.

resultsIn this cohort of 117,893 head and neck cancer patients, significant racial and ethnic disparities were observed in tumor site, treatment, and outcomes. Black patients were less likely to receive surgery even when accounting for tumor subsite and stage (OR 0.672, 95% CI 0.641-0.705). Five-year overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) were lower in all minority groups (p < 0.001), with Black patients showing the lowest OS (31.3%) and CSS (58.8%). Multivariable analysis confirmed race/ethnicity, low income (HR 1.043, 95% CI 1.018-1.068), and unmarried status (HR 1.327, 95% CI 1.305-1.350) as independent predictors of increased all-cause and HNC-specific mortality.

conclusionIn this most comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of HNC, we demonstrate profound racial and ethnic disparities in tumor sites, treatments, and survival. This study provides critical evidence to guide health policy, resource allocation, and clinical practice aimed at closing longstanding equity gaps in head and neck cancer care.

Indexed as

Head and Neck NeoplasmsHealthcare DisparitiesHealth Status DisparitiesAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSEER ProgramSocioeconomic Disparities in HealthUnited StatesDisparitiesHead and neck cancerOutcomesSocial determinantsSurgery

Identifiers

PMID42348013
PMCPMC13303473

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.