ReviewPharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Kisspeptin as a Precision Biomarker in Personalized Pharmacy: Implications for Individualized Monitoring of Early Pregnancy Viability.
Review in Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundPrecision medicine aims to improve early, individualized risk stratification using biologically relevant biomarkers. In early pregnancy, markers reflecting placental function remain limited. Kisspeptin, a placentally derived peptide that rises during normal gestation, has emerged as a potential indicator of pregnancy viability.
objectivesWe aimed to evaluate evidence on maternal serum kisspeptin levels and placental KISS1/KISS1R expression in early pregnancy loss, and to assess its potential relevance as a precision biomarker within personalized pharmacy and individualized monitoring frameworks.
methodsA systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (up to 2025) was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies assessing circulating kisspeptin and/or placental expression in early pregnancy loss versus viable pregnancies were included. A formal meta-analysis was not performed due to substantial heterogeneity in study design, biological material, assay methods, gestational age, and outcome reporting formats. Under these conditions, quantitative pooling was considered methodologically inappropriate; therefore, qualitative synthesis was performed.
resultsSix studies met the inclusion criteria. Most reported significantly lower maternal serum kisspeptin levels in early pregnancy loss, with good discriminatory accuracy. Immunohistochemical analyses showed reduced placental and choriodecidual KISS1/KISS1R expression in miscarriage and recurrent pregnancy loss, indicating disrupted local signaling. Concordant systemic and tissue findings suggest that circulating kisspeptin reflects placental dysfunction.
conclusionsKisspeptin appears to be a promising precision biomarker for monitoring early pregnancy viability and supporting individualized pharmaceutical care. Standardized assays and large prospective studies are needed before routine clinical implementation.
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