Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42346887›Full record

ReviewJournal of imaging2026

A Review of the Forward Problem in Electrocardiographic Imaging.

Xiafeng Zhang, Xuanhe Han, Kaiyu Chen, Yucheng Wang, Wei Li, Shaoxi Wang

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of imaging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Xiafeng ZhangSchool of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.ORCID 0000-0003-0904-5937
Xuanhe HanSchool of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
Kaiyu ChenSchool of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.ORCID 0000-0002-8305-9678
Yucheng WangSchool of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.ORCID 0000-0001-5746-0081
Wei LiSchool of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
Shaoxi WangSchool of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0230-2059

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) is a noninvasive technique for reconstructing cardiac electrical activity by recording body-surface potentials and geometric information of the heart and torso. The ECGI forward problem is the cornerstone of ECGI. Depending on the forward model, ECGI can reconstruct epicardial/endocardial surface potentials, activation/recovery sequences, transmembrane voltages, and other electrophysiological quantities of interest. This article reviews the modeling process and research progress of forward modeling. This review systematically summarizes the mathematical methods used in the ECGI forward problem by classifying them into three representative models: the cardiac surface potential (CSP), equivalent double-layer (EDL), and transmembrane voltage (TMV) models, with detailed derivations and guidance on their practical applications.

Indexed as

cardiac surface potential modelelectrocardiographic imagingequivalent double-layer modelforward problemtransmembrane voltage model

Identifiers

PMID42346887
PMCPMC13302492

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.