Hybrid Neural Network Architecture for Automated Liver and Tumor Segmentation Using Ensemble Learning on CT Images.

Accurate and automatic segmentation of the liver and liver tumors from computed tomography (CT) images is essential for computer-assisted diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical decision-making. Although deep learning-based segmentation models, particularly U-Net and its variants, have achieved promising results in medical image analysis, many existing approaches mainly focus on local pixel-level feature extraction and may have limited ability to explicitly model long-range spatial relationships among anatomically meaningful regions. In addition, liver tumor segmentation remains challenging due to low contrast, irregular tumor boundaries, heterogeneous tumor appearances, and noise or artifacts in CT images. To address these limitations, this study proposes a hybrid ensemble neural network architecture that integrates an improved U-Net and a Graph U-Net for automatic liver and liver tumor segmentation. The improved U-Net is designed to capture fine-grained local features and preserve detailed spatial information through an encoder-decoder structure with skip connections, while the Graph U-Net uses Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC)-based superpixels to construct a graph representation of CT images and model spatial dependencies between adjacent image regions. By combining these complementary representations through an ensemble learning strategy, the proposed framework enhances both pixel-level segmentation accuracy and robustness against noisy imaging conditions. The proposed method was evaluated on the LiTS17 dataset, where CT images were preprocessed using intensity filtering, resizing, data augmentation, and normalization. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ensemble architecture achieves 99.2% accuracy for liver segmentation and 98.1% accuracy for liver tumor segmentation, outperforming representative segmentation models such as MultiresUnet and R2U-Net. Furthermore, robustness experiments under different signal-to-noise ratio conditions show that the proposed model maintains stable performance in noisy CT images, achieving 85% accuracy even under severe noise at -4 dB SNR. This result highlights the advantage of integrating convolutional feature learning with graph-based spatial relationship modeling for improving segmentation stability when image quality is degraded by noise or artifacts. These findings indicate that the integration of improved U-Net, SLIC-based graph construction, and Graph U-Net provides an effective and noise-robust solution for liver and liver tumor segmentation, with potential applicability as a computer-assisted tool in clinical image analysis after further validation on larger and external datasets.