ArticleVeterinary world2026
Comparative effectiveness of propylene glycol-based health programs for controlling ketosis and improving performance in dairy cows.
Article in Veterinary world, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background and Aim: Ketosis is a prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy cows during the transition period, resulting in reduced productivity, impaired reproductive performance, and significant economic losses. Propylene glycol (PG) is widely used as a gluconeogenic precursor to mitigate negative energy balance and control ketosis. However, variations in farm-level health programs lead to inconsistent outcomes. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of different PG-based health programs implemented across multiple commercial dairy farms. Materials and Methods: A multi-farm observational study was conducted on 480 multiparous Holstein cows from four commercial dairy farms in Heilongjiang Province, China. Data were collected at six time points from 7 days prepartum to 80-100 days postpartum. Parameters assessed included body condition score (BCS), milk yield, reproductive performance, disease incidence, and blood biochemical indicators such as glucose, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and insulin. Statistical analyses were performed using linear mixed models and Chi-square tests, with significance declared at p < 0.05. Results: Significant differences were observed among farms in metabolic status, production performance, and disease incidence. Farm A, which applied a targeted PG administration strategy based on ketosis diagnosis, maintained optimal BCS (~3.4), achieved the highest milk yield (46.3 kg/d at 80-100 days postpartum), and exhibited stable glucose and insulin concentrations. The incidence of ketosis in Farm A (28.9%) was lower than that in Farm D (>35%), which showed poorer metabolic control, higher disease incidence, and reduced reproductive performance. Farm B demonstrated the lowest ketosis incidence (20.0%) but relied on blanket PG administration. Economic analysis revealed that Farm A achieved the highest total economic benefit (¥166,823.69). Conclusion: Targeted and time-specific PG administration is more effective than blanket or inconsistent strategies in controlling ketosis and improving productivity in dairy cows. The PG health program implemented in Farm A represents a practical and economically efficient model for commercial dairy systems. Further controlled studies are required to validate these findings and optimize long-term PG application strategies.
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