ArticleJournal of oral microbiology2026
Fluoride varnish application and the temporal evolution of supragingival microbiota in children with differential caries risk.
Article in Journal of oral microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Fluoride varnish is used to prevent early childhood caries, but its longitudinal ecological impact on the supragingival microbiome beyond enamel remineralization remains poorly understood, especially long-term. Objective: To characterize 24‑month supragingival plaque microbiome evolution in young children under biannual fluoride varnish, stratified by caries risk, and fluoride's ecological effect on microbial structure, interactions, and metabolism. Design: A total of 48 children were categorized into low‑, moderate‑, and high‑caries‑risk groups using the modified caries-risk assessment tool for preschool children (PSC-MCAT). All received fluoride varnish every six months. Supragingival plaque collected at five timepoints over 24 months. 16S rRNA sequencing assessed diversity, key taxa, co-occurrence networks, and PICRUSt2 metabolic pathways. Results: Baseline alpha‑ and beta‑diversity differed significantly across risk groups ( Conclusions: Regular fluoride varnish reduces ecological disparities across risk groups, suppresses cariogenic taxa, and alters microbial interactions and carbohydrate metabolism, promoting homeostasis. High‑risk children may require more frequent interventions.
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