ArticleActas espanolas de psiquiatria2026
Bridging Three Decades: Global Self-Harm Trends From 1990-2021 and Projections to 2040.
Article in Actas espanolas de psiquiatria, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSelf-harm, which includes both nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors, poses a major global public health challenge. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of trends in self-harm worldwide, the socioeconomic disparities associated with it, and future projections, using data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021.
methodsSelf-harm data were extracted from GBD 2021, including incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs) for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Age-standardized rates and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were calculated. Inequality was assessed using the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Concentration Index (CI). Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models were employed to generate projections of self-harm burden from 2022 to 2040.
resultsThe global burden of self-harm is projected to change substantially by 2040, with deaths estimated to increase to 829,853 (95% Uncertainty Interval (UI), 262,233-1,397,474) and prevalence projected to rise to 35,863,341 (95% UI, 8,079,108-63,647,574) cases (representing a 131.9% increase from the 2021 baseline of 15,467,153 cases). From 1990 to 2021, age-standardized rates of self-harm demonstrated decreasing trends globally and across sociodemographic index (SDI) levels, with the largest declines observed in high-middle SDI countries. Gender disparities were evident, with more pronounced decreases in females. Inequalities in DALYs due to self-harm decreased over time but remained higher among females in lower-SDI populations.
conclusionsDespite decreasing age-standardized rates, the global burden of self-harm is projected to increase substantially by 2040, with driven by increasing incidence and prevalence in incidence and prevalence. Inequities persist, particularly among females in lower-SDI populations. Implementation of targeted prevention and intervention strategies, strengthening of mental health systems, and addressing social determinants of health are imperative to reduce the growing burden of self-harm worldwide.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.