ArticleBMC psychiatry2026
A machine learning-based screening tool for classifying post-traumatic stress disorder in firefighters: Firefighter Latent Risk Evaluation (FLARE).
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among South Korean firefighters is likely to be under-reported because of stigma and defensive attitudes. We aimed to develop a machine learning-based classification model, named Firefighter PTSD Latent Risk Evaluation (FLARE), to identify firefighters at risk of probable PTSD based on demographic and clinically relevant psychosocial features.
methodsWe analyzed data from 52,428 firefighters, including 2,305 with probable PTSD and 50,123 without PTSD, as assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Various clinical and occupational factors were examined, including exposure to traumatic events, depression, alcohol use disorder, insomnia, occupational stress, resilience, and awareness of and attitude towards mental illness. An extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was applied using the selected features to develop a FLARE model for PTSD classification. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).
resultsThe FLARE model, comprising seven key features (decreased concentration, appetite changes, feelings of worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt, sleep disturbances, perceived work pressure, poor adaptability to change, and low perceived appropriateness of seeking professional help for close others) achieved an AUROC of 0.90 in classifying probable PTSD, with a sensitivity of 0.84 and a specificity of 0.82 in the test dataset. Temporal validation using the 2024 dataset yielded an AUROC of 0.91, with a sensitivity of 0.83 and a specificity of 0.84, confirming the model's generalizability.
conclusionsThe FLARE model effectively identified firefighters at risk for PTSD using a concise set of clinical and psychosocial indicators. This tool has the potential to enhance PTSD screening and early interventions, particularly in populations with prevalent mental health stigma. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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