Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42340514›Full record

ArticleJournal of neuro-oncology2026

Expression patterns of carbonic anhydrase IX and immune response biomarkers in pediatric gliomas and glioneuronal tumors.

Monika Kapitančukė, Donatas Petroška, Agnė Petrosiute, Asta Lučiūnaitė, Švitrigailė Grincevičienė, Daumantas Matulis, Saulius Ročka, Ramūnas Raugalas, Dainius Rinkevičius, Irina Adomaitienė and 2 more

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Article in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Monika KapitančukėInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. monika.kapitancuke@santa.lt.
Donatas PetroškaNational Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Agnė PetrosiuteDepartment of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Asta LučiūnaitėDepartment of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Švitrigailė GrincevičienėDepartment of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Daumantas MatulisDepartment of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Saulius RočkaInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Ramūnas RaugalasInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Dainius RinkevičiusInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Irina AdomaitienėCenter of Radiology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Gabrielė TarutytėDepartment of Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Jelena RasconInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeCarbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a hypoxia-induced enzyme, contributes to tumor acidosis and may modulate antitumor immunity. Its role in pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors remains poorly understood. This study examined CAIX and immune biomarker expression in pediatric gliomas and glioneuronal tumors (GNTs) and their associations with clinical outcomes.

methodsCAIX and selected immune biomarkers were evaluated using immunohistochemistry in 34 pediatric patients (ages 0-17 years) with low-grade gliomas (LGGs; n = 21), GNTs (n = 6), and high-grade gliomas (HGGs; n = 7).

resultsCAIX was expressed in 58.8% of tumors, with no statistically significant difference between the combined LGG/GNT and HGG groups. CD3 (87.9%), CD8 (81.8%), CD44 (93.9%), CD68 (100%), CD163 (75.8%), and CCR2 (69.7%) were the most frequently detected biomarkers, whereas PD-L1 (15.2%), PD-1 (0%), and CD206 (24.2%) were rarely detected. CAIX correlated positively with CD44 (p = 0.01) and CD206 (p = 0.009). Strong CD68 expression (> 30%) was associated with significantly better 2-year event-free survival (EFS) than lower expression (91.7% vs. 53.8%; p = 0.011). No significant associations between EFS and CAIX or other immune biomarkers were observed (all p > 0.05).

conclusionPediatric gliomas and GNTs frequently express CAIX and monocyte/macrophage-related biomarkers but exhibit a low immune checkpoint profile (PD-1 and PD-L1). Unlike findings from adult studies, CAIX was neither enriched in HGGs nor associated with a worse prognosis. Strong CD68 expression may represent a candidate target for combination therapeutic strategies, although validation in a larger, homogeneous pediatric CNS tumor cohort is needed.

Indexed as

Antigens, NeoplasmBiomarkers, TumorBrain NeoplasmsCarbonic Anhydrase IXGliomaAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMalePrognosisAntigens, NeoplasmBiomarkers, TumorCA9 protein, humanCarbonic Anhydrase IXCarbonic anhydrase IXImmune biomarkersImmunohistochemistryPediatric gliomasPediatric glioneuronal and neuronal tumors

Identifiers

PMID42340514
PMCPMC13294249

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.