ArticleHistochemistry and cell biology2026
Immunohistochemical study of α-keratin, loricrin, filaggrin-like protein, and transglutaminase-1 expression in orthokeratinized and parakeratinized epithelium of the tongue of domestic goose (Anser anser f. domestica) during embryonic development.
Article in Histochemistry and cell biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Cornification is a terminal differentiation process involving the synthesis of structural proteins, including α-keratin, loricrin and filaggrin-like protein, with the enzymatic contribution of transglutaminase 1 (TGM-1). The present study aimed to characterize the expression profiles of these proteins in the ortho- and parakeratinized epithelia of the lingual mucosa in domestic goose embryos from day 9 to day 25 of incubation, using immunohistochemical analysis. The spatial expression of the structural proteins and TGM-1 in both lingual epithelia was analyzed during three developmental stages: embryonic, transformation, and prehatching, revealing a slight temporal shift. During the embryonic stage, the expression of structural proteins and TGM-1 began, indicating early epithelial cytodifferentiation. At the transformation stage, differentiation of the epithelia into three layers and periderm formation with a marked increase in expression of the studied proteins occurred. For the first time, differences in the expression patterns of structural proteins and TGM-1 were observed in the periderm. By the prehatching stage, a cornified layer was present in both epithelia. Notably, only α-keratin expression in both epithelia and filaggrin-like protein and loricrin expression in cornified layer of the orthokeratinized epithelium resembled the adult pattern. These findings indicate that cornification is initiated during the transformation stage, approximately two-thirds of the embryonic period. Before hatching, epithelia have a cornified layer. However, the expression patterns of structural proteins and TGM-1 differ from those observed in adults, suggesting that cornification continues after hatching.
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