ArticleBrazilian oral research2026
Protective effect of cocoa antioxidant extract in distinct vehicles on dentin erosion in vitro.
Article in Brazilian oral research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study aimed to conduct an in vitro evaluation of the antierosive potential of a solution and an experimental toothpaste enriched with natural antioxidants derived from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) on eroded dentin. Cocoa beans underwent fermentation, drying, roasting, grinding, and freeze-drying to obtain an aqueous cocoa extract. The extract was analyzed for total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity using the oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) assay. A control toothpaste was then formulated and enriched with the concentrated cocoa extract. Eighty bovine dentin specimens were pre-eroded in citric acid and randomized into four groups (n = 20): G1 (negative control) - toothpaste without active ingredients; G2 - concentrated cocoa polyphenol solution; G3 - experimental toothpaste enriched with cocoa polyphenols; and G4 (positive control) - Elmex Protect commercial toothpaste (Colgate). Specimens underwent 3 days of erosive cycling. Surface loss (dSL-eroded) was measured by optical profilometry; collagen degradation (dColl) was calculated after collagenase exposure; and calcium release (CaR) was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. Surface morphology was qualitatively assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). The cocoa extract showed higher levels of total polyphenols than did the enriched toothpaste (p = 0.037). Antioxidant activity decreased after toothpaste manipulation (p = 0.025). G2 exhibited significantly lower dSL-eroded, dColl, dSL-total, and calcium release compared with the other groups (p<0.05). SEM analysis of G3 revealed partially or totally occluded dentinal tubules. In conclusion, cocoa extract exhibited a higher polyphenol content and significant antierosive effects, leading to reduced dentin surface loss and enhanced tubule occlusion.
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