ArticlePsychology research and behavior management2026
The Association of Hearing Impairment and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Community-Dwelling Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
Article in Psychology research and behavior management, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hearing impairment and the longitudinal changes in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Materials and Methods: This case-control study enrolled 387 participants newly diagnosed with AD. Participants' hearing status was initially assessed based on their need for hearing assistance during neuropsychological tests. BPSD was evaluated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) at baseline and a 1-year follow-up visit. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between hearing status and the presence of BPSD. Results: A higher percentage of participants in the hearing-impaired group exhibited moderate to severe apathy (26% vs. 14%, p=0.01) and sleep disturbance (24% vs. 14%, p=0.042) after 1 year. Hearing impairment was found to be an associated factor for the presence of sleep disturbance (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-3.21) and moderate-to-severe apathy (OR=1.97; 95% CI=1.03-3.72) after 1 year. After adjusting for age, sex, education, baseline Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and baseline Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) scores, hearing impairment remained an independent associated factor for the risk of worsening symptoms in apathy and sleep disturbance symptoms, with ORs of 2.06 (95% CI=1.13-3.70, Conclusion: This study demonstrated that hearing impairment is associated with the longitudinal worsening of sleep and apathy symptoms in patients with AD over a 1-year follow-up period. Dementia care teams should place greater emphasis on these non-cognitive symptoms and provide appropriate management strategies.
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