Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42338984›Full record

ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2026

The Evolving Epidemiology of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Australian Children: A Multicentre Retrospective Observational Study.

Phoebe C M Williams, Annaleise Howard Jones, Robert Duguid, Linny K Phuong, Amanda Gwee, Niall Johnston, Coen Butters, Shahin Oftadeh, Sharon Chen, Archana Koirala and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Phoebe C M WilliamsSydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2250-0594
Annaleise Howard JonesSydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-2813
Robert DuguidDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7582-6603
Linny K PhuongThe Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-0771
Amanda GweeThe Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4016-8986
Niall JohnstonDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
Coen ButtersDepartment of General Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6499-337X
Shahin OftadehNSW Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Reference Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5110-530X
Sharon ChenCentre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9983-6603
Archana KoiralaNational Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2567-8825
Nusrat HomairaSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3341-7964
Rama KandasamySchool of Clinical Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3111-5586
Adam W BartlettDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9316
Adam JaffeSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-5415
Brendan McMullanDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5144-3416
Pamela PalasanthiranDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1625-4051
Priyali WijeratneDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
Philip BrittonDepartment of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-6000
Parveen FathimaNational Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-4127
Thomas N SnellingDepartment of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4670-0638
Vitali SintchenkoSydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9261-3650
Sanjay JayasingheNational Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6161-6306

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: In Australia, high pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) coverage has been achieved, yet invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) continues to cause a significant burden of disease. The epidemiology of IPD was altered by the nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) used to control the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We aimed to analyze this impact on the clinical characteristics associated with IPD in Australian children. Method: We systematically evaluated the clinical and microbiological characteristics of IPD in children (<18 years) presenting to 4 Australian children's hospitals 2 years before (2017-2018: prepandemic) and after (2021-2022: postpandemic) the implementation of NPIs to mitigate COVID-19. Case counts and proportions were used to compare clinical presentations. Results: We identified 220 cases of IPD: 116 in 2017-2018 and 104 in 2021-2022. Causative serotypes were available for 176 cases (80%), with serotype 3 most frequently identified (26% of serotyped IPD, 46/176). One-quarter of cases were due to serotypes included in newer PCVs. Postpandemic cases had a higher proportion of meningitis (13.5% vs 3.4%, Conclusions: Alternations in the prevalence of respiratory viral transmission influence the epidemiology and clinical presentation of IPD. Newer PCVs and the implementation of immunization programs that target viral pathogens associated with IPD may reduce the ongoing burden of IPD in children.

Indexed as

child healthinvasive pneumococcal diseasepneumococcuspneumoniaviral co-infection

Identifiers

PMID42338984
PMCPMC13284998

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.