Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42338097›Full record

ArticleJPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition2026

Nutritional screening within the GLIM procedure-Part 1: Development of a conceptual definition of risk of malnutrition using a modified Delphi procedure.

Harriët Jager-Wittenaar, Martine Sealy, Rocco Barazzoni, Renee Blaauw, Tommy Cederholm, Lee-Anne Chapple, Charlene Compher, M Isabel T D Correia, Ryoji Fukushima, M Cristina Gonzalez and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Harriët Jager-WittenaarResearch Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3928-8075
Martine SealyResearch Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-8498
Rocco BarazzoniDepartment of Medical, Technological and Translational Sciences, Ospedale di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-2404
Renee BlaauwDivision of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-5918
Tommy CederholmDepartment of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3705-0725
Lee-Anne ChappleAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Intensive Care Research Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9818-2484
Charlene CompherBiobehavioral Health Science Department and Nutrition Programs, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-5387
M Isabel T D CorreiaDepartment of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3503-4302
Ryoji FukushimaDepartment of Health and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4464-664X
M Cristina GonzalezPostgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3901-8182
Gordon L JensenDean's Office and Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5223-7622
Charles Chin Han LewDepartment of Dietetics and Nutrition, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6410-3859
Su Lin LimDietetics Department, National University Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8478-3193
Ainsley MaloneNew Albany, Ohio, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8345-0303
Veeradej PisprasertDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3901-6494
Elisabet RothenbergDepartment of Nursing and Integrated Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.
Alison SteiberResearch, International, and Scientific Affairs Team, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, Illinois, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5948-7675
Elke NaumannDepartment of Nutrition, Dietetics and Lifestyle, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-3413
Marian de van der SchuerenDepartment of Nutrition, Dietetics and Lifestyle, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-0811

Funding

None
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThis article presents the results of the modified Delphi study conducted by the GLIM Risk of Malnutrition Working Group to develop a consensus-based conceptual definition of "risk of malnutrition", as first step in revising the GLIM screening procedure.

methodsFocus groups with nutritional care experts and patient/older adult representatives, and a literature exploration informed 46 statements on risk of malnutrition. Malnutrition experts (n = 112) evaluated these statements, using a five-point Likert scale. Statements with ≥75% agreement were accepted; those with ≥75% disagreement and/or neutrality were rejected. Remaining statements were marked "undecided" and re-evaluated in later rounds.

resultsIn three questionnaire rounds (response rates 63%, 59%, and 54%), 26 statements were ultimately accepted to shape the conceptual definition of "risk of malnutrition". The GLIM Working Group and patient/older adult representatives reviewed the pre-final professional and layperson versions. Risk of malnutrition was defined as: A dynamic state, with or without unintentional weight loss, in which an individual has one or more risk factors, that is, nutrition impact symptoms, and/or disease-related, physical, psychological, social, demographic, and economic risk factors, that may result in malnutrition and may negatively impact clinical outcomes. In the layperson version, sentences were simplified to aid comprehension.

conclusionGLIM has developed the first global (professional and layperson) conceptual definition of risk of malnutrition. This definition will guide future nutritional screening recommendations and a more preventive malnutrition approach. It also implies that screening tools covering "risk of malnutrition" should no longer be validated against signs or the diagnosis of malnutrition.

Indexed as

Delphi TechniqueMalnutritionMass ScreeningNutrition AssessmentAdultConsensusFemaleFocus GroupsHumansNutritional StatusRisk FactorsSurveys and QuestionnairesWeight Lossconcept formationDelphi techniquemalnutritionrisk factors

Identifiers

PMID42338097
PMCPMC13350498

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.