Clostridioides difficile as a Zoonotic and Foodborne Pathogen: Reviewing the Global Evidence and South African Data.

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in MicrobiologyOpen, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

M GouwsCentre for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.

P E StrydomDepartment of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0001-6855-688X

D RipCentre for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.

Funding

Centre for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) are becoming increasingly problematic in developing countries, further burdening healthcare systems. In Southern Africa, limited information is available on the prevalence and diversity of C. difficile strains in animals, food, and the environment. This review aims to provide insight into global findings on strain diversity, antibiotic resistance, and the epidemiology of C. difficile associated with food-producing animals, wildlife, and food processing environments. The review further explores the zoonotic and foodborne risk potential of the pathogen and includes clinical trends of CDIs within South Africa. It is evident that farm environments and animals play a considerable role in the spread of C. difficile. A lack of broad surveillance, incomplete data on CDIs, and the prevalence of C. difficile within South Africa hinder an accurate representation of its zoonotic and foodborne potential.

Indexed as

Bacterial ZoonosesClostridioides difficileClostridium InfectionsFoodborne DiseasesZoonosesAnimalsAnimals, WildDrug Resistance, BacterialFood MicrobiologyHumansPrevalenceSouth Africaantibiotic resistancecattlefood‐producing animalgameOne Healthpoultryribotypevenisonwildlife

Identifiers

PMID42337986

DOI10.1002/mbo3.70331

PMCPMC13291203

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.