Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42337853›Full record

ArticleStatistical methods in medical research2026

A comparison of methods for designing hybrid type 2 cluster-randomized trials with continuous effectiveness and implementation endpoints.

Melody A Owen, Fan Li, Ruyi Liu, Donna Spiegelman

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in Statistical methods in medical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Melody A OwenCenter for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID 0009-0001-1292-0731
Fan LiCenter for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6183-1893
Ruyi LiuCenter for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1874-3323
Donna SpiegelmanCenter for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hybrid type 2 studies are gaining popularity for their ability to assess both implementation and health outcomes as co-primary endpoints. Often conducted as cluster-randomized trials (CRTs), five design methods can validly power these studies:

Indexed as

Endpoint DeterminationRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicResearch DesignCluster AnalysisHumansModels, StatisticalSample Sizecluster-randomized trialsco-primary outcomescrt2powerCRTsHybrid type 2 studiesimplementation-effectiveness studiesmultiple outcomes

Identifiers

PMID42337853
PMCPMC13342486

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.