SynthesisInternational breastfeeding journal2026
The effect of music on breastfeeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis of breast milk production, composition, and maternal stress.
Synthesis in International breastfeeding journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBreastfeeding is the gold standard for infant nutrition, yet maternal stress and anxiety, especially in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) or due to postnatal pain, can inhibit the oxytocin-mediated milk ejection reflex, leading to reduced milk production and early cessation. Music intervention has been proposed as a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate these stress responses.
objectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effect of music interventions on objective breastfeeding outcomes (milk volume and composition), salivary cortisol stress marker, and psychological well-being in breastfeeding mothers. Unlike previous studies, this review and analysis includes both term and preterm infants across diverse clinical settings and examines the impact of music on physiological (breast milk volume and composition, breastfeeding duration) and psychological outcomes (maternal stress and anxiety levels).
methodsA comprehensive search of Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science was conducted for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) published up to 2024. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, studies were selected based on their investigation of the effects of music on breastfeeding mothers. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and GRADE framework for certainty of evidence. Data were synthesized both narratively and through meta-analysis where applicable.
resultsSix RCTs with a total of 696 participants met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment confirmed that all trials somewhat adhered to protocols with "Some Concerns". Meta-analysis indicated that music significantly increased breast milk volume both immediately and cumulatively (Z > 1.96, p < 0.0001) with low heterogeneity (I² = 4%). Additionally, music improved breast milk fat content and reduced maternal salivary cortisol stress levels (Z > 1.96, p < 0.00001) with negligible heterogeneity (I² = 0%) respectively. The overall certainty of evidence is rated as "Moderate to Low," necessitating cautious clinical interpretation. This rating is primarily due to methodological heterogeneity in milk volume measurements, a lack of participant blinding, and the potential risk of publication bias.
conclusionAs one of the first reviews to concurrently assess both physiological and psychological breastfeeding outcomes, findings suggest music therapy is a promising, non-invasive adjunct to lactation care. By potentially reducing maternal stress, it may improve milk quantity and composition. However, further high-quality, standardized trials are necessary to carefully evaluate its true clinical magnitude and determine its appropriate integration into routine protocols for long-term breastfeeding success. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.