ArticleBMC veterinary research2026
Assessment of pharmacokinetic parameters, oral bioavailability, and physiological effects of amantadine in horses.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundWithout adequate pain management, central nervous system plasticity can result in acute or adaptive pain developing into chronic or maladaptive pain. This is difficult to manage and often unresponsive to traditional analgesics. An important mechanism associated with maladaptive pain is central sensitization which results in part from increased NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor activation. Amantadine is an NMDA receptor antagonist that has been used in combination with opioids and NSAIDs in humans and dogs for the treatment of conditions associated with central sensitization. The goal of the current study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of amantadine in horses as a first step in assessing the utility of this drug in horses. Eight horses received a single intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg and oral administrations of 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg of amantadine in a randomized 4-way balanced crossover design. Blood samples were collected before drug administration and at predetermined time intervals for up to 96 h post-drug administration. Concentrations of amantadine were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Behavioral assessments (e.g., sedation, ataxia), locomotor activity, gastrointestinal borborygmi, and effects on heart rate were assessed.
resultsThe C
conclusionAmantadine administration to horses was well tolerated, supporting additional study. This study provides pharmacokinetic and limited safety data that can be used to guide pharmacodynamic studies to assess the therapeutic efficacy of this compound in horses.
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