ArticleBMC emergency medicine2026
Association between arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient and prehospital hemodynamic status in patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury.
Article in BMC emergency medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionWe aimed to assess the relationship between arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO
methodsOver a 4-year period, 100 adult patients with moderate-to-severe TBI admitted to a level 1 trauma center under mechanical ventilation were retrospectively included. Patients were classified into three clusters based on prehospital hemodynamic status (Cluster 1: Stable without vasopressors; Cluster 2: Stabilized with low-dose vasopressors; Cluster 3: Not stabilized with low-dose vasopressors). Correlation and agreement between paired PaCO₂ and EtCO₂ values were assessed overall and across clusters. Agreement was compared between non-adjusted and cluster-adjusted EtCO₂ thresholds.
resultsThe mean PaCO
conclusionIn moderate-to-severe TBI, there is a strong relationship between the PaCO₂-EtCO₂ gradient and prehospital hemodynamic status. However, our results did not support the relevance of a prehospital ventilation strategy guided by cluster-adjusted EtCO₂ targets.
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