Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42337116›Full record

ArticleNature immunology2026

Rapid boosting increases germinal center responses to sequential vaccines.

Sonya Haupt, Christopher A Cottrell, Xiaoya Zhou, Jeong Hyun Lee, Alessia Liguori, Nushin Alavi, Danny Lu, Nicole Phelps, Diana Goodwin, Elana Ben-Akiva and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. The sooner you boost the better.Nature immunology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Sonya HauptCenter for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Christopher A CottrellConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3364-3083
Xiaoya ZhouIAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Jeong Hyun LeeDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
Alessia LiguoriConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Nushin AlaviConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Danny LuConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-3377
Nicole PhelpsConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Diana GoodwinConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Elana Ben-AkivaKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Agnes A WalshDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Darrell J IrvineConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-1405
William R SchiefConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-0150
Shane CrottyCenter for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA. shane@lji.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6484-6262

Funding

Identification of neutralizing epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike for design of vaccines and small-molecule antiviralsUM1AI144462 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI BURTON, DENNIS R. · 2019 to 2025
$201.6M
Immune engineering of optimized sequential immunization strategies for HIV vaccinesR33AI161297 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI CROTTY, SHANE P, IRVINE, DARRELL J · 2024 to 2025
$2.5M
NIAID NIH HHS R33 AI161297NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI144462U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) UM1 AI144462-07
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Germinal centers (GCs) are a complex and important aspect of humoral immunity. How GCs deal with changing antigens remains unclear, yet this biology could be central to next-generation vaccine strategies such as germline targeting. Here we demonstrate, in a mouse model with human immunodeficiency virus envelope surface protein immunogens, that rapid delivery of homologous or heterologous boosts results in highly positive outcomes. Rapid reimmunization expands on-target GC B cell (B

Indexed as

AIDS VaccinesB-LymphocytesGerminal CenterHIV-1HIV InfectionsImmunization, SecondaryAnimalsAntibody Affinityenv Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusFemaleHIV AntibodiesHumansImmunity, HumoralMiceAIDS Vaccinesenv Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusHIV Antibodies

Identifiers

PMID42337116
PMCPMC13580703

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.