ArticleScientific reports2026
Brusatol enhances the chemotherapy efficacy of Cisplatin and Gemcitabine in KKU-100 cholangiocarcinoma cells through ROS-mediated apoptosis.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
One of the main obstacles in Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) treatment is drug resistant to the standard therapy, Cisplatin combined with Gemcitabine (Cis/Gem). Brusatol (Bru) has shown its potential in enhancing the effects of other chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, this study investigates the anti-cancer effects of Bru alone or combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, Cis and Gem, in human CCA cells (KKU-100), and explores the underlying mechanisms. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay, while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using a DCFDA fluorescence assay. Apoptosis was assessed by caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity and annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was detected by JC-1 staining. Combination of Bru and Cis or Gem increased intracellular ROS levels, caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities, apoptotic cell population and the loss of ΔΨm in KKU-100 cells. This indicated the enhanced apoptotic effects of the combination therapy through the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Additionally, combination of Bru with Cis or Gem significantly reduced colony formation, and suppressed cell migration and invasion in KKU-100 cells. These findings support the potential of Bru as a promising anti-cancer agent or adjunct therapy to enhance current chemotherapy in CCA treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.