Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42336957›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Dissecting culm strength in wheat: anatomical, biochemical, and genetic insights into lodging tolerance.

Ronak Majid, Jajati Keshari Nayak, Sofora Jan, Sadaf Salam, Amir Nazir, Mohd Anwar Khan, Neeraj Pal, Raju Ratan Yadav, Santvana Tyagi, Pooja Joshi and 9 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Ronak Majid *Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore, Kashmir, J&K, 193201, India.
Jajati Keshari Nayak *Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, 263145, India.
Sofora JanDivision of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore, Kashmir, J&K, 193201, India.
Sadaf SalamDivision of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore, Kashmir, J&K, 193201, India.
Amir NazirDivision of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore, Kashmir, J&K, 193201, India.
Mohd Anwar KhanDivision of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore, Kashmir, J&K, 193201, India.
Neeraj PalDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, 263145, India.
Raju Ratan YadavDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, 263145, India.
Santvana TyagiDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, 263145, India.
Pooja JoshiDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, 263145, India.
Narendra Singh DhakaDepartment of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, 263145, India.
Vinay Kumar SinghDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, 263145, India.
Parvaze Ahmad SofiDivision of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore, Kashmir, J&K, 193201, India.
Sundip KumarDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, 263145, India.
Manish K VishwakarmaBorlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA) & CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141008, India.
Pradeep BhatiBorlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA) & CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141008, India.
Uttam KumarBorlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA) & CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141008, India.
Rajeev Kumar VarshneyCentre for Crop and Food Innovation, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
Reyazul Rouf MirDivision of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore, Kashmir, J&K, 193201, India. imrouf2006@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0002-3196-211X

Funding

Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India BT/Ag/Network/Wheat/2019-20
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Lodging is a major constraint in wheat production, often resulting in substantial yield losses. Resistance to lodging is influenced by various morphological, biochemical, and anatomical traits of the stem, and the relative contribution of different stem parts, particularly individual internodes, to lodging tolerance remains unclear. In this study, key culm-related morphological internode length (IL), internode weight (IW), stem diameter (SD), culm wall thickness (CWT), pith diameter (PD), the stem diameter to culm wall thickness ratio (SD/CWT) and the internode length to internode weight ratio (IL/IW), biochemical (cellulose), and anatomical traits were evaluated across the first three internodes in diverse wheat genotypes. The results revealed that the second internode played the most critical role in lodging tolerance. Lodging-resistant genotypes presented higher PD, CWT, IW, and cellulose content in the second internode, whereas susceptible genotypes presented increased IL and IL/IW ratios. Anatomical analyses revealed that resistant genotypes possessed more vascular bundles, thicker sclerenchyma, well-developed parenchyma, and enhanced lignin deposition in the second internode, collectively contributing to superior mechanical stability. Furthermore, single-marker analysis using SSR markers revealed 12 significant loci associated with 16 culm strength traits, with Gwm337 and Wmc273 explaining the greatest percentage of the phenotypic variance (24.40% and 23.01%, respectively). These findings underscore the pivotal role of the second internode in lodging tolerance and provide valuable molecular markers to support marker-assisted breeding for enhanced culm strength in wheat.

Indexed as

Plant StemsTriticumCelluloseGenotypeLigninPhenotypeQuantitative Trait, HeritableQuantitative Trait LociCelluloseLigninCulm anatomyInternode strengthLodging toleranceMarker-assisted selectionSSR markersWheat

Identifiers

PMID42336957
PMCPMC13578427

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