Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42332294›Full record

ArticleBehavior research methods2026

Analyzing multidimensional formal dynamic models in psychology: A tutorial using graphical tools.

Jingmeng Cui, Dieta Wagenmakers, G Sander van Doorn, Fred Hasselman, Anna Lichtwarck-Aschoff

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Behavior research methods, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jingmeng CuiFaculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. jingmeng.cui@kuleuven.be.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3421-8457
Dieta WagenmakersGroningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
G Sander van DoornGroningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Fred HasselmanBehavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Anna Lichtwarck-AschoffFaculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Funding

KU Leuven PDMT2/25/036Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek VI.Vidi.191.178
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Formal theories translate verbal theories into a mathematical representation, such as a coupled differential equation or other dynamical systems, intending to strengthen the deductive power of (clinical) theories and to formulate testable and novel hypotheses. Work in clinical formal theories mainly relies on simulations, which is an intuitive method for evaluating overall model performance, but may fall short of establishing a precise link between the mathematical properties of the model and the dynamic properties of its outcome. Moreover, when the model's outcome contradicts clinical observations, it is unclear where the discrepancy lies and how to improve the model. In this article, we introduce formal mathematical techniques for graphical model analysis, including phase plane analysis, which allows identifying a system's stable and unstable equilibria, and bifurcation analysis, a framework to delineate parameter regimes corresponding to qualitatively different dynamical outcomes for a model. Using two formal dynamic models in psychology (one for panic disorder and one for suicidal ideation), we illustrate those methods through an easy-to-use R package, deBif, with a graphical user interface. These examples demonstrate the importance of using graphical tools to investigate the hypothesized mechanisms of psychological systems.

Indexed as

Computer GraphicsModels, PsychologicalPsychologyHumansBifurcation analysisDifferential equationsDynamic systemsFormal dynamic modelsStability analysis

Identifiers

PMID42332294
PMCPMC13287130

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.