ArticleBiological trace element research2026
Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Commercially Available Rice from Central Iran: Implications for Food Safety.
Article in Biological trace element research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Total concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in commercial rice varieties from Kashan, Iran, were measured via ICP-OES, with bioaccessibility assessed using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Results indicated that Cd levels (0.051-0.068 mg/kg) exceeded the FAO/WHO limit but were close to the Iranian standard. Pb concentrations (0.258-0.62 mg/kg) surpassed both national and international limits, while As levels (0.018-0.028 mg/kg) remained below permissible thresholds. Bioaccessibility ranged from 29% to 55% for Cd, 38%-43% for Pb, and 42%-61% for As, indicating that only a fraction of the metals is released during digestion. Health risk assessment showed Hazard Quotients (HQ) for individual metals below 1, suggesting no significant non-carcinogenic risk. Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) values for Cd and As were within acceptable limits (10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁴). It is concluded that although total concentrations of Cd and Pb exceed regulatory standards, their low bioaccessibility significantly reduces potential health risks under typical consumption patterns.
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