ArticleScientific reports2026
Multi-objective optimization of dimensional accuracy and part weight in injection molding of a 3D curved shin guard plate.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Injection molding of complex three-dimensional curved components is highly sensitive to processing conditions, particularly when dimensional accuracy and packing quality must be balanced simultaneously. This study proposes an integrated optimization and decision-making framework to improve the molding quality of a commercial curved shin guard plate (SGP) by combining Response Surface Methodology (RSM), adaptive non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), and entropy-weighted Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). A Box-Behnken design was employed to investigate the effects of packing pressure (PP), melt temperature (MT), and cooling time (CT) on absolute dimensional deviation (ΔD) and molded part weight (PW). The results showed that the developed quadratic response surface models exhibited good predictive capability, and analysis of variance identified PP as the most influential parameter. The surrogate models were integrated with standard and adaptive NSGA-II algorithms to perform multi-objective optimization and generate well-distributed Pareto-optimal solutions, with the adaptive NSGA-II showing improved Pareto-front exploration capability based on crowding-distance and hypervolume analyses. Entropy-weighted TOPSIS was subsequently applied to identify the most suitable compromise solution. Experimental validation was conducted at the TOPSIS-selected optimum together with two additional Pareto-optimal conditions. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between predicted and experimental responses, with deviations remaining below 7.41% for ΔD and below 1.70% for PW. These results demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed optimization framework for complex injection-molded components under industrial manufacturing conditions.
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